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后古典期（约9世纪－16世纪 )，此时期北部奇琴·伊察及乌斯马尔等城邦兴起，文化逐渐衰落。
后古典期的文化有浓厚的墨西哥风格。从墨西哥南下的托尔特克人征服尤卡坦，并以奇琴·伊察为都城。建筑中出现石廊柱群及以活人为祭品的“圣井”、球场，还有观察天象的天文台和目前保存最完整的高大的金字塔式台庙，崇拜羽蛇神魁扎尔科亚特尔。此后北部的玛雅潘取代奇琴·伊察成为后古典期文化的中心。这一时期的陶器和雕刻艺术较粗糙，世俗文化兴起，并带来好战之风。玛雅潘的统治者与其他城邦结成联盟，用武力建立自己的统治。公元1450年，可能由于内部叛乱，玛雅潘被焚毁，此后百年中文化趋于衰落。公元1523—公元1524年，西班牙殖民者乘虚而入，从墨西哥南下，占领尤卡坦半岛，玛雅文明被摧毁。
玛雅文明属于新石器时代和铜石并用时代，工具、武器全为石制和木制，黄金和铜在古典期之末才开始使用，一直不知用铁。农业技术简单，耕作粗放，不施肥料，没有牲畜，后期有水利灌溉。手工制品有各种陶器、棉纺织品等。不同村落和地区间有贸易交换关系。玛雅人的建筑工程达到古代世界高度水平，能对坚硬的石料进行雕镂加工。建筑布局严谨、结构宏伟，其金字塔式台庙以废弃物和土堆成，外铺石板或土坯，设有石砌梯道通往塔顶。其雕刻、彩陶、壁画等皆有极高的艺术价值，著名的博南帕克壁画表现贵族仪仗、战争与凯旋等，人物形象千姿百态，栩栩如生，是世界壁画艺术宝藏之一。
玛雅文明在天文、数学等方面达到极高成就。通过长期观测天象，已掌握日食周期和日、月、金星等运行规律，在前古典期之末已创制出圣年历和太阳历两种历法，前者一年13个月，每月20天，全年260天；后者一年18个月，每月20天，另加5天忌日，全年365天，每4年加闰1天。每天都记两历日月名称，每52年重复一周，其精确度超过同时代希腊、罗马历法（后被阿兹特克人采用）。数学方面，玛雅人使用“0”的概念比中国人早800年，比欧洲人早1000年，计数使用二十进位制。玛雅文明的另一独特创造是象形文字体系，其文字以复杂的图形组成，一般刻在石建筑物如祭台、梯道、石柱等之上，刻、写需经长期训练。现已知字符800余，除年代符号及少数人名、器物名外，多未释读成功。当时使用树皮纸和鹿皮写书，内容主要是历史、科学和仪典，至今尚无法释读。
玛雅文明的早期阶段围绕祭祀中心形成居民点，古典期形成城邦国家，各城邦均有自己的王朝。社会的统治阶级是祭司和贵族，国王世袭，掌管宗教礼仪，规定农事日期。公社的下层成员为普通的农业劳动者和各业工匠。社会最下层是奴隶，一般来自战俘、罪犯和负债者，可以自由买卖。玛雅诸邦社会发展与古代世界的初级奴隶制国家相近，但具体情况尚无详细资料说明。
玛雅人笃信宗教，文化生活富于宗教色彩。崇拜太阳神、雨神、五谷神、死神、战神、风神、玉米神等，其中太阳神居于诸神之上。另外行祖先崇拜，相信灵魂不灭。玛雅国家兼管宗教事务，首都即为宗教中心。节日通常用活人献祭。
公元1502年，哥伦布最后一次远航美洲。在当地市场上，哥伦布被来自“玛雅”的制作精美的陶盆吸引，此后这个神奇的名字，第一次传入欧洲。1519年，西班牙探险家科尔特斯（Hernan Cortez）率领西班牙军队横扫墨西哥，征服正处于文明鼎盛时期的阿兹特克帝国。此时，玛雅文明已近尾声，但在尤卡坦半岛上，残存一些玛雅城邦。1526年，一支西班牙探险队前往尤卡坦，试图用暴力建立西班牙殖民地，并强制推行基督教。不肯屈服的玛雅人展开长达百余年